Will bond funds ever recover?
We expect bond yields to decline in line with falling inflation and slower economic growth, but uncertainty about the Federal Reserve's policy moves will likely be a source of volatility. Nonetheless, we are optimistic that fixed income will deliver positive returns in 2024.
Despite Treasuries' recent rally, yields remain very compelling, with the US 10-year Treasury now yielding 3.9%. For bond investors, these conditions are nearly ideal. After all, most of a bond's return over time comes from its yield. And falling yields—which we expect in the latter half of 2024—boost bond prices.
The table on the right shows that bond prices often recover within 8 to 12 months. Unnerved investors that are selling their bond funds risk missing out when bond returns recover. It is important to acknowledge that some of those strong recoveries were helped by bond yields that were higher than they are today.
There's no one right answer—bonds or bond funds—for every investor. The decision often comes down to the amount you have to invest, the preference for a professional manager, and the need for a predictable value at maturity.
In December, many investors welcomed the Federal Open Market Committee's unanimous decision to hold rates between 5.25% and 5.5% and signal some rate cuts in 2024. The Federal Reserve's so-called dot plot in December suggested a median fed funds rate of 4.6% in 2024, followed by 3.6% in 2025 and 2.9% in 2026.
Vanguard's active fixed income team believes emerging markets (EM) bonds could outperform much of the rest of the fixed income market in 2024 because of the likelihood of declining global interest rates, the current yield premium over U.S. investment-grade bonds, and a longer duration profile than U.S. high yield.
Short-term bond yields, and the funds that hold them, are admittedly attractive today. Three- and six-month Treasury bill yields are above 5%, at levels not seen since before the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.
If you thought stocks and bonds usually move independently, you're not wrong. It's one of the reasons they complement each other in financial portfolios — bonds can provide stability and balance out the volatility of stocks. And yet, that didn't happen in 2022, the worst year for bonds on record in a century.
What causes bond prices to fall? Bond prices move in inverse fashion to interest rates, reflecting an important bond investing consideration known as interest rate risk. If bond yields decline, the value of bonds already on the market move higher. If bond yields rise, existing bonds lose value.
Interest rate changes are the primary culprit when bond exchange-traded funds (ETFs) lose value. As interest rates rise, the prices of existing bonds fall, which impacts the value of the ETFs holding these assets.
What is the downside of bond funds?
The disadvantages of bond funds include higher management fees, the uncertainty created with tax bills, and exposure to interest rate changes.
Investors of bonds, however, may decide it is more advantageous to sell a bond rather than hold it to maturity. Some of these reasons include anticipation of higher interest rates, that the issuer's credit will be lowered, or if the market price seems unreasonably high.
Pros | Cons |
---|---|
You can invest in lots of different bonds at once to spread out your risk. | Management fees and sales fees. |
Bond funds are typically easier to buy and sell than individual bonds. | Less predictable future market value. |
Monthly income. | No control over capital gains and cost basis. |
Inflation is a bond's worst enemy. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of a bond's future cash flows. Typically, bonds are fixed-rate investments. If inflation is increasing (or rising prices), the return on a bond is reduced in real terms, meaning adjusted for inflation.
"Short-term bonds could be a safer bet in 2024, offering lower interest rate risk compared to long-term bonds," says Kovar. "They provide a relatively stable income stream with less exposure to market volatility."
For now at least, analysts are anticipating S&P 500 earnings growth will continue to accelerate in the first half of 2024. Analysts project S&P 500 earnings will grow 3.9% year-over-year in the first quarter and another 9% in the second quarter.
Key Takeaways. Most bonds pay a fixed interest rate that becomes more attractive if interest rates fall, driving up demand and the price of the bond. Conversely, if interest rates rise, investors will no longer prefer the lower fixed interest rate paid by a bond, resulting in a decline in its price.
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The March 2024 12-month I Bond rate of 5.27% is similar to CDs and Treasury Bills that are roughly 5% interest over the same time frame. Also consider the 3-month recent interest penalty if you cash out in the first 5 years.
Bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions, so when interest rates fall, the value of fixed income investments rises, and when interest rates go up, bond prices fall in value.
Do bond funds do better when interest rates rise?
In the short run, rising interest rates may negatively affect the value of a bond portfolio. However, over the long run, rising interest rates can actually increase a bond portfolio's overall return. This is because money from maturing bonds can be reinvested into new bonds with higher yields.
If sold prior to maturity, market price may be higher or lower than what you paid for the bond, leading to a capital gain or loss. If bought and held to maturity investor is not affected by market risk.
Rank | Fund | Yield |
---|---|---|
1 | Vanguard High-Yield Corporate Fund Investor Shares (VWEHX) | 6.40% |
2 | T. Rowe Price High Yield Fund (PRHYX) | 7.02% |
3 | PGIM High Yield Fund Class A (PBHAX) | 7.22% |
4 | Fidelity Capital & Income Fund (fa*gIX) | 6.16% |
The largest active bond fund, the $131.6 billion Pimco Income PIMIX, gained 5.9% in the fourth quarter and 9.3% over the year—its best performance since 2012 and well above the 8.1% return on the average multisector bond fund.
Historically, the US 10 Year Treasury Bond Note Yield reached an all time high of 15.82 in September of 1981. US 10 Year Treasury Bond Note Yield - data, forecasts, historical chart - was last updated on March 23 of 2024.
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